One day last year, $13 million arrived in the bank account of Bethel’s tribe, Orutsararmiut Native Council.
“I was sitting at my desk and my then-chief accountant came to the door,” recalled ONC Executive Director Mark Springer. “And he had a piece of paper in one hand, and he was clutching his chest in his other.”
The money, which would soon grow to $14 million, was ONC’s distribution from a fund for tribes that Congress passed in the CARES Act.
Amid pandemic anxiety, it was a godsend for remote communities struggling to keep COVID-19 at bay. In Alaska, 225 tribal governments split more than $300 million, with amounts ranging from less than $100,000 to more than $20 million.
For tribal administrators, the money was also a headache. They had a public health crisis on their hands, and they suddenly had enough money to do a lot of good. But the rules for how it could be spent were murky at first, and originally the tribes had less than a year to spend it all. It was the same challenge for tribes all over the country: they had to figure out how to use it wisely, or lose it.
Congress later extended the CARES Act spending deadline until the end of 2021. It gave tribal administrators time to catch their breath.
Now they are bracing for an even bigger pile of money from this year’s COVID-19 relief bill, the American Rescue Plan. While the CARES Act was big, with an $8 billion fund for tribal governments nationwide, the American Rescue Plan has $20 billion for tribes. It’s not clear yet how much each tribe will get in total, but it could make the CARES Act look like a dress rehearsal in retrospect.
Last year, Springer and the tribe’s accountant were elated with their new account balance, though it was a lot of money for a tribe of about 3,500 members. Springer said that the deadline pressure was immense.
“There was many, many a time,” he recalled, “when people would look right at me and say ‘Mark, are you going to spend all that money before Dec. 30?’”
ONC first bought a ton of supplies and personal protective equipment, and a building to put it in. Springer said that the tribe still has enough hand sanitizer left to fill a swimming pool. But back when stores had no Clorox or Pine-Sol, he is proud that the tribe could provide.
“It feels real good when a family would call up and say, ‘Hey, we’re COVID-19 positive and we need some cleaning supplies or PPE,’” he said. “And we’re like, ‘Yeah, we’ll be there.’”
Like a lot of tribes, ONC gave the bulk of its CARES Act money to its members, up to $5,000 per household. The spending had to go for pandemic-related needs, so the members filled out applications to document what they needed help with. Ultimately, Springer said, the money went to the community at large, in Bethel, Anchorage, or wherever the member lived.
“It does have a lot of economic impact,” he said, “because we were sending checks to landlords. We were paying electric bills, and water and sewer bills, and fuel bills.”
Some tribes aimed to improve food security by providing freezers, or ammunition and boat fuel to help tribal members hunt. Several tribes spent money to fix up old houses or community buildings to serve as quarantine facilities so that anyone coming into the village could isolate for two weeks.
“And that’s worked, from what I’ve seen,” said Teresa Jacobsson, founder of the Alaska Tribal Administrators Association. “For those tribes that are doing that, I have one in particular that comes to mind, not one case of COVID since the pandemic started."
The U.S Department of the Treasury hasn’t announced how it will distribute all of the tribal government money in the American Rescue Plan, but the first billion will be divided equally among all tribes. That comes to $1.7 million a piece, which alone will be more than most Alaska tribes got from the CARES Act. One proposal is to give each tribe another $10 million, and still there would be billions left to distribute.
Richard Peterson, president of the Central Council of the Tlingit and Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska (CCTHITA), believes that he’s ready for the next big disbursement.
“I would say the CARES Act kept me up at night, so I’m kind of used to it now,” Peterson said.
His government got $20 million in CARES Act funding, more than any other Alaska tribe. Most of it was distributed to the households of its 32,000 members, about a third of whom live in Southeast Alaska. For instance, the tribe sent up to $500 per child to help parents with the expenses of pandemic homeschooling, like new laptops and broadband.
With the American Rescue Plan, CCTHITA might get two or three times as much as it got from the CARES Act. But this time the allowable uses are broader, and the spending deadline isn’t until the end of 2024. Peterson said that he’s grateful to have more time to strategize for economic development and recovery.
“I want to honor the intent in which it was issued. I also want to make sure we’re doing the best by our citizens,” he said. “So yeah, it all keeps me up at night.”